In a small courtyard dappled with light under a grape arbor, 65-year-old Nurdun Esmayil was making handmade folk musical instruments with his family and apprentices. Although he cannot read music, his keen ears have enabled him to make and play these instruments with precision.

Hailing from a village in Xinhe county in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Nurdun Esmayil is a master craftsman specializing in making Uygur folk musical string instruments such as dutar, tambur and satar.

An important spot along the ancient Silk Road up to 2,000 years ago, the county is known for traditional Kuqa music and dance, named after the ancient kingdom of Kuqa.

While China has attached importance to preserving ethnic culture, recognizing traditional craftsmanship skills as intangible cultural heritage and encouraging businesses to help pass down such skills, locals have developed the ethnic instrument manufacturing industry as a key source of income.

Born into a family that makes instruments, Nurdun Esmayil has been in the business for over 40 years. In 2008, Xinhe county's ethnic instrument-making techniques were added to China's national intangible cultural heritage list. That same year, Nurdun Esmayil was officially recognized as a regional-level inheritor of this tradition, receiving financial support to continue his work.

He has trained over 100 apprentices, passing down his knowledge to ensure the art does not fade away.

His method is rigorous.

"Crafting a tuning peg can be mastered in a week, but to meet my standards, they should spend at least a year," he said, underscoring the level of precision his father taught him.

The materials Nurdun Esmayil uses have changed over the years, ranging from traditional mulberry wood to other imported materials. Traditional sheep-gut strings have given way to modern nylon.

"Unlike in the past, when it was extremely hard to bring an ideal piece of wood home because of the bumpy road and not having vehicles, now we can have any materials delivered from anywhere in the world," he said.

Nowadays, the village is home to more than 120 artisans producing over 50 varieties of instruments, with more than 20,000 pieces sold every year.

Eyeing the potential of the village's unique intangible cultural heritage, local authorities have rebranded the area as a tourist destination under the "musical instrument village" brand, drawing visitors from around China and abroad.

Inspired by peers, Nurdun Esmayil is considering registering a trademark to pass down the cultural heritage and leave it as a legacy to his family.

Born in the internet era, his 12-year-old grandson likes playing drums and dancing to welcome visitors, showing promise as a potential inheritor of the family's musical legacy. "If I could start over, I'd study music theory, read music and play all kinds of music that I want to," Nurdun Esmayil said, watching his grandson attentively.